diff --git a/src/app.module.ts b/src/app.module.ts
index cb6e098..5125700 100644
--- a/src/app.module.ts
+++ b/src/app.module.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { Module } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { EnvironmentModule } from './config/environment.module';
+import { IdentityModule } from './identity/identity.module';
 import { HealthModule } from './health/health.module';
 
-@Module({ imports: [EnvironmentModule, HealthModule] })
+@Module({ imports: [EnvironmentModule, HealthModule, IdentityModule] })
 export class AppModule {}
diff --git a/src/cli/bootstrap-owner.ts b/src/cli/bootstrap-owner.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c41de59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cli/bootstrap-owner.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import 'reflect-metadata';
+import 'dotenv/config';
+import { NestFactory } from '@nestjs/core';
+import { z } from 'zod';
+import { AppModule } from '../app.module';
+import { BootstrapService } from '../identity/bootstrap.service';
+import { createUserSchema } from '../identity/identity.schemas';
+
+async function main() {
+  const input = createUserSchema.safeParse({
+    email: process.env.OWNER_EMAIL,
+    name: process.env.OWNER_NAME,
+    password: process.env.OWNER_PASSWORD,
+  });
+  const name = z
+    .string()
+    .trim()
+    .min(1)
+    .max(160)
+    .safeParse(process.env.ORGANIZATION_NAME);
+  if (!input.success || !name.success)
+    throw new Error('Invalid bootstrap configuration');
+  const app = await NestFactory.createApplicationContext(AppModule, {
+    logger: false,
+  });
+  try {
+    const result = await app
+      .get(BootstrapService)
+      .createOwner(name.data, input.data);
+    console.log(JSON.stringify(result));
+  } finally {
+    await app.close();
+  }
+}
+void main().catch(() => {
+  console.error(
+    'Bootstrap failed. Check configuration, database availability, and whether an owner already exists.',
+  );
+  process.exitCode = 1;
+});
diff --git a/src/health/health.controller.ts b/src/health/health.controller.ts
index 36d46bf..181598b 100644
--- a/src/health/health.controller.ts
+++ b/src/health/health.controller.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+import { Public } from '../identity/access.decorator';
 import { Controller, Get } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { HealthService } from './health.service';
 
+@Public()
 @Controller('health')
 export class HealthController {
   constructor(private readonly health: HealthService) {}
diff --git a/src/identity/access.store.ts b/src/identity/access.store.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a221e0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/identity/access.store.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import {
+  ConflictException,
+  ForbiddenException,
+  Injectable,
+} from '@nestjs/common';
+import { DatabaseService } from '../database/database.service';
+import { Prisma } from '../generated/prisma/client';
+import { readPrincipal } from './session.store';
+import type { Principal } from './identity.types';
+import type { Permission } from './permissions';
+
+@Injectable()
+export class AccessStore {
+  constructor(private readonly db: DatabaseService) {}
+  async mutate<T>(
+    actor: Principal,
+    permission: Permission,
+    work: (tx: Prisma.TransactionClient, current: Principal) => Promise<T>,
+  ): Promise<T> {
+    try {
+      return await this.db.$transaction(async (tx) => {
+        // Serialize administration within an organization and recheck permissions after locking.
+        await tx.$queryRaw`SELECT id FROM organizations WHERE id = ${actor.organizationId}::uuid FOR UPDATE`;
+        const current = await readPrincipal(tx, actor.sessionId);
+        if (
+          current.organizationId !== actor.organizationId ||
+          !current.permissions.includes(permission)
+        ) {
+          throw new ForbiddenException();
+        }
+        return work(tx, current);
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (
+        error instanceof Prisma.PrismaClientKnownRequestError &&
+        error.code === 'P2002'
+      ) {
+        throw new ConflictException(
+          'A record with these details already exists',
+        );
+      }
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/identity/audit.controller.ts b/src/identity/audit.controller.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2fb3e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/identity/audit.controller.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import { Controller, Get, Query } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { DatabaseService } from '../database/database.service';
+import { SchemaPipe } from '../common/validation.pipe';
+import { CurrentPrincipal, RequirePermission } from './access.decorator';
+import { pageSchema, type PageInput } from './identity.schemas';
+import type { Principal } from './identity.types';
+
+@Controller('audit-events')
+export class AuditController {
+  constructor(private readonly db: DatabaseService) {}
+  @Get()
+  @RequirePermission('audit.read')
+  list(
+    @CurrentPrincipal() actor: Principal,
+    @Query(new SchemaPipe(pageSchema)) page: PageInput,
+  ) {
+    return this.db.auditEvent.findMany({
+      where: { organizationId: actor.organizationId },
+      orderBy: [{ createdAt: 'desc' }, { id: 'desc' }],
+      take: page.limit,
+      skip: page.offset,
+    });
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/identity/identity.module.ts b/src/identity/identity.module.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ee3afe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/identity/identity.module.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import { Module } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { APP_GUARD } from '@nestjs/core';
+import { DatabaseModule } from '../database/database.module';
+import { AccessGuard } from './access.guard';
+import { AccessStore } from './access.store';
+import { AuthRateGuard } from './auth-rate.guard';
+import { AuthController } from './auth.controller';
+import { AuthService } from './auth.service';
+import { AuthStore } from './auth.store';
+import { AuditController } from './audit.controller';
+import { BootstrapService } from './bootstrap.service';
+import { PasswordService } from './password.service';
+import { RateLimitService } from './rate-limit.service';
+import { RecoveryController } from './recovery.controller';
+import { RecoveryMailer } from './recovery-mailer';
+import { RecoveryService } from './recovery.service';
+import { RecoveryStore } from './recovery.store';
+import { RoleStore } from './role.store';
+import { RolesController } from './roles.controller';
+import { SessionStore } from './session.store';
+import { UserStore } from './user.store';
+import { UsersController } from './users.controller';
+
+@Module({
+  imports: [DatabaseModule],
+  controllers: [
+    AuthController,
+    RecoveryController,
+    UsersController,
+    RolesController,
+    AuditController,
+  ],
+  providers: [
+    AccessStore,
+    AuthRateGuard,
+    AuthService,
+    AuthStore,
+    BootstrapService,
+    PasswordService,
+    RateLimitService,
+    RecoveryMailer,
+    RecoveryService,
+    RecoveryStore,
+    RoleStore,
+    SessionStore,
+    UserStore,
+    { provide: APP_GUARD, useClass: AccessGuard },
+  ],
+  exports: [BootstrapService],
+})
+export class IdentityModule {}
diff --git a/src/identity/role.store.ts b/src/identity/role.store.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5191123
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/identity/role.store.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import {
+  ForbiddenException,
+  Injectable,
+  NotFoundException,
+} from '@nestjs/common';
+import { DatabaseService } from '../database/database.service';
+import { AccessStore } from './access.store';
+import { recordAudit } from './audit';
+import type { Principal } from './identity.types';
+import type { PageInput, RoleInput } from './identity.schemas';
+
+function ensureGrantable(actor: Principal, permissions: string[]) {
+  if (
+    permissions.some((permission) => !actor.permissions.includes(permission))
+  ) {
+    throw new ForbiddenException('Cannot grant permissions you do not hold');
+  }
+}
+@Injectable()
+export class RoleStore {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly db: DatabaseService,
+    private readonly access: AccessStore,
+  ) {}
+  list(actor: Principal, page: PageInput) {
+    return this.db.role.findMany({
+      where: { organizationId: actor.organizationId },
+      orderBy: { id: 'asc' },
+      take: page.limit,
+      skip: page.offset,
+    });
+  }
+  save(actor: Principal, input: RoleInput, id?: string) {
+    return this.access.mutate(actor, 'roles.manage', async (tx, current) => {
+      ensureGrantable(current, input.permissions);
+      if (id) {
+        const role = await tx.role.findFirst({
+          where: { id, organizationId: actor.organizationId },
+        });
+        if (!role) throw new NotFoundException();
+        if (role.isSystem)
+          throw new ForbiddenException('System role is immutable');
+        ensureGrantable(current, role.permissions);
+      }
+      const role = id
+        ? await tx.role.update({ where: { id }, data: input })
+        : await tx.role.create({
+            data: { ...input, organizationId: actor.organizationId },
+          });
+      await recordAudit(
+        tx,
+        actor.organizationId,
+        actor.userId,
+        id ? 'role.updated' : 'role.created',
+        role.id,
+      );
+      return role;
+    });
+  }
+  assign(actor: Principal, userId: string, roleIds: string[]) {
+    return this.access.mutate(
+      actor,
+      'users.roles.assign',
+      async (tx, current) => {
+        const user = await tx.user.findFirst({
+          where: { id: userId, organizationId: actor.organizationId },
+          include: { roles: { include: { role: true } } },
+        });
+        if (!user) throw new NotFoundException();
+        if (user.isOwner || user.id === current.userId)
+          throw new ForbiddenException('Cannot change these role assignments');
+        ensureGrantable(
+          current,
+          user.roles.flatMap((assignment) => assignment.role.permissions),
+        );
+        const roles = await tx.role.findMany({
+          where: { id: { in: roleIds }, organizationId: actor.organizationId },
+        });
+        if (roles.length !== roleIds.length) throw new NotFoundException();
+        if (roles.some((role) => role.isSystem))
+          throw new ForbiddenException('System role cannot be assigned');
+        ensureGrantable(
+          current,
+          roles.flatMap((role) => role.permissions),
+        );
+        await tx.userRole.deleteMany({ where: { userId } });
+        await tx.userRole.createMany({
+          data: roleIds.map((roleId) => ({
+            userId,
+            roleId,
+            organizationId: actor.organizationId,
+          })),
+        });
+        await recordAudit(
+          tx,
+          actor.organizationId,
+          actor.userId,
+          'user.roles_assigned',
+          userId,
+        );
+      },
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/identity/roles.controller.ts b/src/identity/roles.controller.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8efe02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/identity/roles.controller.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import {
+  Body,
+  Controller,
+  Get,
+  Param,
+  ParseUUIDPipe,
+  Patch,
+  Post,
+  Query,
+} from '@nestjs/common';
+import { SchemaPipe } from '../common/validation.pipe';
+import { CurrentPrincipal, RequirePermission } from './access.decorator';
+import { RoleStore } from './role.store';
+import { PERMISSIONS } from './permissions';
+import {
+  pageSchema,
+  roleSchema,
+  type PageInput,
+  type RoleInput,
+} from './identity.schemas';
+import type { Principal } from './identity.types';
+
+@Controller('roles')
+export class RolesController {
+  constructor(private readonly roles: RoleStore) {}
+  @Get('permissions')
+  @RequirePermission('roles.read')
+  permissions() {
+    return PERMISSIONS;
+  }
+  @Get()
+  @RequirePermission('roles.read')
+  list(
+    @CurrentPrincipal() actor: Principal,
+    @Query(new SchemaPipe(pageSchema)) page: PageInput,
+  ) {
+    return this.roles.list(actor, page);
+  }
+  @Post()
+  @RequirePermission('roles.manage')
+  create(
+    @CurrentPrincipal() actor: Principal,
+    @Body(new SchemaPipe(roleSchema)) input: RoleInput,
+  ) {
+    return this.roles.save(actor, input);
+  }
+  @Patch(':id')
+  @RequirePermission('roles.manage')
+  update(
+    @CurrentPrincipal() actor: Principal,
+    @Param('id', ParseUUIDPipe) id: string,
+    @Body(new SchemaPipe(roleSchema)) input: RoleInput,
+  ) {
+    return this.roles.save(actor, input, id);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/identity/user.store.ts b/src/identity/user.store.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f1de3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/identity/user.store.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+import {
+  ForbiddenException,
+  Injectable,
+  NotFoundException,
+} from '@nestjs/common';
+import { DatabaseService } from '../database/database.service';
+import { AccessStore } from './access.store';
+import { PasswordService } from './password.service';
+import { recordAudit } from './audit';
+import type { Principal } from './identity.types';
+import type { CreateUserInput, PageInput } from './identity.schemas';
+
+const publicUser = {
+  id: true,
+  email: true,
+  name: true,
+  status: true,
+  isOwner: true,
+  createdAt: true,
+} as const;
+
+@Injectable()
+export class UserStore {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly db: DatabaseService,
+    private readonly access: AccessStore,
+    private readonly passwords: PasswordService,
+  ) {}
+  list(actor: Principal, page: PageInput) {
+    return this.db.user.findMany({
+      where: { organizationId: actor.organizationId },
+      select: publicUser,
+      orderBy: [{ createdAt: 'desc' }, { id: 'desc' }],
+      take: page.limit,
+      skip: page.offset,
+    });
+  }
+  async create(actor: Principal, input: CreateUserInput) {
+    const passwordHash = await this.passwords.hash(input.password);
+    return this.access.mutate(actor, 'users.create', async (tx) => {
+      const user = await tx.user.create({
+        data: {
+          organizationId: actor.organizationId,
+          email: input.email,
+          name: input.name,
+          passwordHash,
+        },
+        select: publicUser,
+      });
+      await recordAudit(
+        tx,
+        actor.organizationId,
+        actor.userId,
+        'user.created',
+        user.id,
+      );
+      return user;
+    });
+  }
+  async setStatus(
+    actor: Principal,
+    id: string,
+    status: 'ACTIVE' | 'SUSPENDED',
+  ) {
+    return this.access.mutate(actor, 'users.approve', async (tx) => {
+      const user = await tx.user.findFirst({
+        where: { id, organizationId: actor.organizationId },
+      });
+      if (!user) throw new NotFoundException();
+      if (user.isOwner || user.id === actor.userId)
+        throw new ForbiddenException('Cannot change this account status');
+      const updated = await tx.user.update({
+        where: { id },
+        data: { status },
+        select: publicUser,
+      });
+      if (status === 'SUSPENDED') {
+        await tx.session.deleteMany({ where: { userId: id } });
+        await tx.recoveryToken.deleteMany({ where: { userId: id } });
+      }
+      await recordAudit(
+        tx,
+        actor.organizationId,
+        actor.userId,
+        `user.${status.toLowerCase()}`,
+        id,
+      );
+      return updated;
+    });
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/identity/users.controller.ts b/src/identity/users.controller.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ad89c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/identity/users.controller.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import {
+  Body,
+  Controller,
+  Get,
+  Param,
+  ParseUUIDPipe,
+  Patch,
+  Post,
+  Query,
+} from '@nestjs/common';
+import { SchemaPipe } from '../common/validation.pipe';
+import { CurrentPrincipal, RequirePermission } from './access.decorator';
+import { UserStore } from './user.store';
+import { RoleStore } from './role.store';
+import {
+  createUserSchema,
+  statusSchema,
+  assignmentsSchema,
+  pageSchema,
+  type CreateUserInput,
+  type PageInput,
+} from './identity.schemas';
+import type { Principal } from './identity.types';
+
+@Controller('users')
+export class UsersController {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly users: UserStore,
+    private readonly roles: RoleStore,
+  ) {}
+  @Get()
+  @RequirePermission('users.read')
+  list(
+    @CurrentPrincipal() actor: Principal,
+    @Query(new SchemaPipe(pageSchema)) page: PageInput,
+  ) {
+    return this.users.list(actor, page);
+  }
+  @Post()
+  @RequirePermission('users.create')
+  create(
+    @CurrentPrincipal() actor: Principal,
+    @Body(new SchemaPipe(createUserSchema)) input: CreateUserInput,
+  ) {
+    return this.users.create(actor, input);
+  }
+  @Patch(':id/status')
+  @RequirePermission('users.approve')
+  status(
+    @CurrentPrincipal() actor: Principal,
+    @Param('id', ParseUUIDPipe) id: string,
+    @Body(new SchemaPipe(statusSchema))
+    input: { status: 'ACTIVE' | 'SUSPENDED' },
+  ) {
+    return this.users.setStatus(actor, id, input.status);
+  }
+  @Patch(':id/roles')
+  @RequirePermission('users.roles.assign')
+  async assign(
+    @CurrentPrincipal() actor: Principal,
+    @Param('id', ParseUUIDPipe) id: string,
+    @Body(new SchemaPipe(assignmentsSchema)) input: { roleIds: string[] },
+  ) {
+    await this.roles.assign(actor, id, input.roleIds);
+    return { id };
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/admin-policy.spec.ts b/test/admin-policy.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f49657
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/admin-policy.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import { UserStore } from '../src/identity/user.store';
+import { RoleStore } from '../src/identity/role.store';
+import { AccessStore } from '../src/identity/access.store';
+import { DatabaseService } from '../src/database/database.service';
+import { PasswordService } from '../src/identity/password.service';
+import type { Principal } from '../src/identity/identity.types';
+import type { Prisma } from '../src/generated/prisma/client';
+
+describe('administration use-case policy', () => {
+  const actor: Principal = {
+    userId: 'actor',
+    organizationId: 'org',
+    sessionId: 'session',
+    permissions: ['roles.manage'],
+  };
+  const tx = {
+    user: { create: jest.fn(), findFirst: jest.fn(), update: jest.fn() },
+    role: {
+      findFirst: jest.fn(),
+      create: jest.fn(),
+      update: jest.fn(),
+      findMany: jest.fn(),
+    },
+    auditEvent: { create: jest.fn() },
+    session: { deleteMany: jest.fn() },
+    recoveryToken: { deleteMany: jest.fn() },
+    userRole: { deleteMany: jest.fn(), createMany: jest.fn() },
+  };
+  const access = { mutate: jest.fn() };
+  const passwords = { hash: jest.fn() };
+  const users = new UserStore(
+    {} as DatabaseService,
+    access as unknown as AccessStore,
+    passwords as unknown as PasswordService,
+  );
+  const roles = new RoleStore(
+    {} as DatabaseService,
+    access as unknown as AccessStore,
+  );
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    jest.resetAllMocks();
+    access.mutate.mockImplementation(
+      (
+        _actor,
+        _permission,
+        work: (tx: Prisma.TransactionClient, current: Principal) => unknown,
+      ) => work(tx as unknown as Prisma.TransactionClient, actor),
+    );
+  });
+  it('creates pending users without passing plaintext to persistence', async () => {
+    passwords.hash.mockResolvedValue('encoded');
+    tx.user.create.mockResolvedValue({ id: 'new' });
+    await users.create(actor, {
+      email: 'a@example.com',
+      name: 'A',
+      password: 'secret',
+    });
+    expect(tx.user.create).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        data: {
+          organizationId: 'org',
+          email: 'a@example.com',
+          name: 'A',
+          passwordHash: 'encoded',
+        },
+      }),
+    );
+    expect(tx.auditEvent.create).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      data: {
+        organizationId: 'org',
+        actorId: 'actor',
+        action: 'user.created',
+        targetId: 'new',
+      },
+    });
+  });
+  it('hides users outside the organization scope', async () => {
+    tx.user.findFirst.mockResolvedValue(null);
+    await expect(users.setStatus(actor, 'foreign', 'ACTIVE')).rejects.toThrow(
+      'Not Found',
+    );
+    expect(tx.user.update).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+  it('revokes sessions and recovery on suspension', async () => {
+    tx.user.findFirst.mockResolvedValue({ id: 'employee', isOwner: false });
+    await users.setStatus(actor, 'employee', 'SUSPENDED');
+    expect(tx.session.deleteMany).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      where: { userId: 'employee' },
+    });
+    expect(tx.recoveryToken.deleteMany).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      where: { userId: 'employee' },
+    });
+  });
+  it('prevents modifying an existing role more powerful than the actor', async () => {
+    tx.role.findFirst.mockResolvedValue({
+      isSystem: false,
+      permissions: ['audit.read'],
+    });
+    await expect(
+      roles.save(actor, { name: 'Changed', permissions: [] }, 'role'),
+    ).rejects.toThrow('Cannot grant');
+    expect(tx.role.update).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+  it('allows only known role targets in the actor organization', async () => {
+    tx.role.findFirst.mockResolvedValue(null);
+    await expect(
+      roles.save(actor, { name: 'Changed', permissions: [] }, 'foreign'),
+    ).rejects.toThrow('Not Found');
+  });
+  it('does not remove a target user permissions the actor cannot grant', async () => {
+    tx.user.findFirst.mockResolvedValue({
+      id: 'employee',
+      isOwner: false,
+      roles: [{ role: { permissions: ['audit.read'] } }],
+    });
+    await expect(roles.assign(actor, 'employee', [])).rejects.toThrow(
+      'Cannot grant',
+    );
+    expect(tx.userRole.deleteMany).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+  it('hides missing assignment targets', async () => {
+    tx.user.findFirst.mockResolvedValue(null);
+    await expect(roles.assign(actor, 'foreign', [])).rejects.toThrow(
+      'Not Found',
+    );
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/helpers/identity-app.ts b/test/helpers/identity-app.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2383cc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/identity-app.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import 'reflect-metadata';
+import { testDatabase } from './test-database';
+import { Test } from '@nestjs/testing';
+import request from 'supertest';
+import { AppModule } from '../../src/app.module';
+import { ENVIRONMENT } from '../../src/config/environment.module';
+import { parseEnvironment } from '../../src/config/environment';
+import { DatabaseService } from '../../src/database/database.service';
+import { BootstrapService } from '../../src/identity/bootstrap.service';
+import { RecoveryMailer } from '../../src/identity/recovery-mailer';
+import { configureApp } from '../../src/configure-app';
+
+export const ownerPassword = 'correct horse battery staple';
+export async function identityApp() {
+  const database = await testDatabase();
+  const env = parseEnvironment({
+    DATABASE_URL: database.connectionUrl,
+    NODE_ENV: 'test',
+  });
+  const mailer = {
+    assertConfigured: jest.fn(),
+    send: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+  };
+  const module = await Test.createTestingModule({ imports: [AppModule] })
+    .overrideProvider(ENVIRONMENT)
+    .useValue(env)
+    .overrideProvider(RecoveryMailer)
+    .useValue(mailer)
+    .compile();
+  const app = module.createNestApplication();
+  configureApp(app, env);
+  await app.init();
+  const db = app.get(DatabaseService);
+  const owner = await app.get(BootstrapService).createOwner('Mani Candles', {
+    email: 'owner@example.com',
+    name: 'Owner',
+    password: ownerPassword,
+  });
+  const api = () => request(app.getHttpServer());
+  const login = async (
+    email = 'owner@example.com',
+    password = ownerPassword,
+    organizationId = owner.organizationId,
+  ) =>
+    api().post('/api/v1/auth/login').send({ organizationId, email, password });
+  const response = await login();
+  if (response.status !== 200)
+    throw new Error(`Fixture login failed: ${response.status}`);
+  const token = response.body.accessToken as string;
+  return {
+    app,
+    db,
+
+    owner,
+    token,
+    api,
+    login,
+    mailer,
+    async clearLimits() {
+      await db.rateLimit.deleteMany();
+    },
+    async close() {
+      await app.close();
+      await database.close();
+    },
+  };
+}
+export type IdentityApp = Awaited<ReturnType<typeof identityApp>>;
diff --git a/test/helpers/test-database.ts b/test/helpers/test-database.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6f5d28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/helpers/test-database.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import { randomBytes } from 'node:crypto';
+import { readFile, readdir } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import { join } from 'node:path';
+import { Client } from 'pg';
+import { PGlite } from '@electric-sql/pglite';
+import { PGLiteSocketServer } from '@electric-sql/pglite-socket';
+
+export const legacyOrganizationId = '00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001';
+export async function testDatabase() {
+  let connectionUrl: string;
+  let execute: (sql: string) => Promise<unknown>;
+  let close: () => Promise<void>;
+  if (process.env.TEST_DATABASE_URL) {
+    // CI supplies a disposable PostgreSQL administrator URL, never a production URL.
+    const administrator = new Client({
+      connectionString: process.env.TEST_DATABASE_URL,
+    });
+    await administrator.connect();
+    const name = 'mani_test_' + randomBytes(8).toString('hex');
+    await administrator.query(`CREATE DATABASE "${name}"`);
+    const url = new URL(process.env.TEST_DATABASE_URL);
+    url.pathname = '/' + name;
+    connectionUrl = url.toString();
+    const client = new Client({ connectionString: connectionUrl });
+    await client.connect();
+    execute = (sql) => client.query(sql);
+    close = async () => {
+      await client.end();
+      await administrator.query(`DROP DATABASE "${name}" WITH (FORCE)`);
+      await administrator.end();
+    };
+  } else {
+    const pg = await PGlite.create();
+    const server = new PGLiteSocketServer({
+      db: pg,
+      port: 0,
+      host: '127.0.0.1',
+      maxConnections: 1,
+    });
+    await server.start();
+    connectionUrl = `postgresql://postgres:postgres@${server.getServerConn()}/postgres`;
+    execute = (sql) => pg.exec(sql);
+    close = async () => {
+      await server.stop();
+      await pg.close();
+    };
+  }
+  try {
+    const migrations = (await readdir('prisma/migrations'))
+      .filter((path) => /^\d/.test(path))
+      .sort();
+    for (const path of migrations) {
+      await execute(
+        await readFile(
+          join('prisma/migrations', path, 'migration.sql'),
+          'utf8',
+        ),
+      );
+      if (path === '202609080001_create_organizations') {
+        await execute(
+          `INSERT INTO organizations (id, name, updated_at) VALUES ('${legacyOrganizationId}', 'Existing organization', NOW())`,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+    return { connectionUrl, close, execute };
+  } catch (error) {
+    await close();
+    throw error;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/identity-auth.spec.ts b/test/identity-auth.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1522cf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/identity-auth.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+import {
+  identityApp,
+  type IdentityApp,
+  ownerPassword,
+} from './helpers/identity-app';
+import { hashToken } from '../src/identity/tokens';
+
+describe('authentication with migrated PostgreSQL engine', () => {
+  let ctx: IdentityApp;
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    ctx = await identityApp();
+  }, 60000);
+  afterAll(async () => {
+    await ctx?.close();
+  });
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    await ctx.clearLimits();
+  });
+
+  it('stores only hashed session tokens and never exposes password hashes', async () => {
+    const session = await ctx.db.session.findUniqueOrThrow({
+      where: { tokenHash: hashToken(ctx.token) },
+    });
+    expect(session.tokenHash).not.toBe(ctx.token);
+    const me = await ctx
+      .api()
+      .get('/api/v1/auth/me')
+      .auth(ctx.token, { type: 'bearer' })
+      .expect(200);
+    expect(me.body.organizationId).toBe(ctx.owner.organizationId);
+    expect(me.text).not.toContain('password');
+    expect(me.headers['cache-control']).toBe('no-store');
+  });
+  it('rejects missing, malformed, unknown and expired sessions', async () => {
+    await ctx.api().get('/api/v1/users').expect(401);
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .get('/api/v1/users')
+      .set('Authorization', 'Bearer bad')
+      .expect(401);
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .get('/api/v1/users')
+      .auth('a'.repeat(43), { type: 'bearer' })
+      .expect(401);
+    const login = await ctx.login();
+    await ctx.db.session.update({
+      where: { tokenHash: hashToken(login.body.accessToken) },
+      data: { expiresAt: new Date(0) },
+    });
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .get('/api/v1/auth/me')
+      .auth(login.body.accessToken, { type: 'bearer' })
+      .expect(401);
+  });
+  it('returns the same credential error for unknown email and wrong password', async () => {
+    const missing = await ctx.login('missing@example.com');
+    const wrong = await ctx.login('owner@example.com', 'wrong password');
+    expect(missing.status).toBe(401);
+    expect(wrong.body).toEqual(missing.body);
+  });
+  it('validates payloads without echoing secrets and rejects mass assignment', async () => {
+    const response = await ctx
+      .api()
+      .post('/api/v1/auth/login')
+      .send({
+        organizationId: ctx.owner.organizationId,
+        email: 'owner@example.com',
+        password: 'SECRET',
+        isOwner: true,
+      })
+      .expect(400);
+    expect(response.text).not.toContain('SECRET');
+  });
+  it('revokes a session on logout', async () => {
+    const login = await ctx.login();
+    const bearer = login.body.accessToken;
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .post('/api/v1/auth/logout')
+      .auth(bearer, { type: 'bearer' })
+      .expect(204);
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .get('/api/v1/auth/me')
+      .auth(bearer, { type: 'bearer' })
+      .expect(401);
+  });
+  it('limits repeated attempts per account in durable storage', async () => {
+    for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+      expect((await ctx.login('unknown@example.com')).status).toBe(401);
+    expect((await ctx.login('unknown@example.com')).status).toBe(429);
+  }, 15000);
+  it('enforces IP throttling even for malformed input', async () => {
+    for (let i = 0; i < 30; i++)
+      await ctx.api().post('/api/v1/auth/login').send({}).expect(400);
+    await ctx.api().post('/api/v1/auth/login').send({}).expect(429);
+  });
+  it('recovery consumes a token once and revokes existing sessions', async () => {
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .post('/api/v1/auth/recovery/request')
+      .send({
+        organizationId: ctx.owner.organizationId,
+        email: 'owner@example.com',
+      })
+      .expect(202);
+    const recoveryToken = ctx.mailer.send.mock.calls.at(-1)![1] as string;
+    const newPassword = 'a replacement secure passphrase';
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .post('/api/v1/auth/recovery/reset')
+      .send({ token: recoveryToken, password: newPassword })
+      .expect(204);
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .post('/api/v1/auth/recovery/reset')
+      .send({ token: recoveryToken, password: newPassword })
+      .expect(400);
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .get('/api/v1/auth/me')
+      .auth(ctx.token, { type: 'bearer' })
+      .expect(401);
+    expect((await ctx.login('owner@example.com', ownerPassword)).status).toBe(
+      401,
+    );
+    const login = await ctx.login('owner@example.com', newPassword);
+    expect(login.status).toBe(200);
+    ctx.token = login.body.accessToken;
+  });
+  it('revokes all sessions and records security events without secrets', async () => {
+    const login = await ctx.login(
+      'owner@example.com',
+      'a replacement secure passphrase',
+    );
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .post('/api/v1/auth/logout-all')
+      .auth(ctx.token, { type: 'bearer' })
+      .expect(204);
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .get('/api/v1/auth/me')
+      .auth(login.body.accessToken, { type: 'bearer' })
+      .expect(401);
+    const events = await ctx.db.auditEvent.findMany();
+    expect(events.map((event) => event.action)).toEqual(
+      expect.arrayContaining([
+        'auth.login',
+        'auth.login_failed',
+        'auth.password_reset',
+        'auth.logout_all',
+      ]),
+    );
+    expect(JSON.stringify(events)).not.toContain(ctx.token);
+    expect(JSON.stringify(events)).not.toContain(ownerPassword);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/identity-failures.spec.ts b/test/identity-failures.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f2b260
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/identity-failures.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+import { identityApp, type IdentityApp } from './helpers/identity-app';
+import { AuthStore } from '../src/identity/auth.store';
+import { RecoveryStore } from '../src/identity/recovery.store';
+import { AccessStore } from '../src/identity/access.store';
+import { RateLimitService } from '../src/identity/rate-limit.service';
+import { SessionStore } from '../src/identity/session.store';
+import { issueToken, hashToken } from '../src/identity/tokens';
+
+describe('identity transactional failure paths', () => {
+  let ctx: IdentityApp;
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    ctx = await identityApp();
+  }, 60000);
+  afterAll(async () => {
+    await ctx?.close();
+  });
+
+  it('does not issue a session using an obsolete password hash', async () => {
+    const issued = issueToken();
+    await expect(
+      ctx.app
+        .get(AuthStore)
+        .createSession(
+          ctx.owner.userId,
+          'outdated',
+          issued.tokenHash,
+          new Date(Date.now() + 60000),
+        ),
+    ).rejects.toThrow();
+    expect(
+      await ctx.db.session.findUnique({
+        where: { tokenHash: issued.tokenHash },
+      }),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+  it('rejects a session whose account is no longer active even without explicit revocation', async () => {
+    await ctx.db.user.update({
+      where: { id: ctx.owner.userId },
+      data: { status: 'SUSPENDED' },
+    });
+    await expect(
+      ctx.app.get(SessionStore).authenticate(ctx.token),
+    ).rejects.toThrow();
+    await ctx.db.user.update({
+      where: { id: ctx.owner.userId },
+      data: { status: 'ACTIVE' },
+    });
+  });
+  it('rejects expired recovery tokens without changing credentials', async () => {
+    const issued = issueToken();
+    await ctx.app
+      .get(RecoveryStore)
+      .create(ctx.owner.userId, issued.tokenHash, new Date(0));
+    await expect(
+      ctx.app.get(RecoveryStore).reset(issued.tokenHash, 'new-hash'),
+    ).rejects.toThrow('Invalid or expired');
+    expect((await ctx.login()).status).toBe(200);
+  });
+  it('rechecks account eligibility when storing and consuming recovery tokens', async () => {
+    const issued = issueToken();
+    await ctx.app
+      .get(RecoveryStore)
+      .create(ctx.owner.userId, issued.tokenHash, new Date(Date.now() + 60000));
+    await ctx.db.user.update({
+      where: { id: ctx.owner.userId },
+      data: { status: 'SUSPENDED' },
+    });
+    expect(
+      await ctx.app
+        .get(RecoveryStore)
+        .create(ctx.owner.userId, issueToken().tokenHash, new Date()),
+    ).toBe(false);
+    await expect(
+      ctx.app.get(RecoveryStore).reset(issued.tokenHash, 'new-hash'),
+    ).rejects.toThrow();
+    await ctx.db.user.update({
+      where: { id: ctx.owner.userId },
+      data: { status: 'ACTIVE' },
+    });
+  });
+  it('resets expired rate-limit windows', async () => {
+    const limits = ctx.app.get(RateLimitService);
+    await limits.consume('test-bucket', 1, 60);
+    await expect(limits.consume('test-bucket', 1, 60)).rejects.toThrow(
+      'Too many',
+    );
+    await ctx.db.rateLimit.update({
+      where: { key: hashToken('test-bucket') },
+      data: { expiresAt: new Date(0) },
+    });
+    await expect(limits.consume('test-bucket', 1, 60)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+  });
+  it('rechecks current permissions inside administration transactions', async () => {
+    const actor = await ctx.app.get(SessionStore).authenticate(ctx.token);
+    const ownerRole = await ctx.db.role.findFirstOrThrow({
+      where: { isSystem: true },
+    });
+    const original = ownerRole.permissions;
+    await ctx.db.role.update({
+      where: { id: ownerRole.id },
+      data: { permissions: [] },
+    });
+    const work = jest.fn();
+    await expect(
+      ctx.app.get(AccessStore).mutate(actor, 'users.create', work),
+    ).rejects.toThrow();
+    expect(work).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    await ctx.db.role.update({
+      where: { id: ownerRole.id },
+      data: { permissions: original },
+    });
+  });
+  it('preserves state when an audited transaction fails', async () => {
+    const actor = await ctx.app.get(SessionStore).authenticate(ctx.token);
+    await expect(
+      ctx.app.get(AccessStore).mutate(actor, 'roles.manage', async (tx) => {
+        await tx.role.create({
+          data: {
+            organizationId: actor.organizationId,
+            name: 'Rolled back',
+            permissions: [],
+          },
+        });
+        throw new Error('audit unavailable');
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrow('audit unavailable');
+    expect(await ctx.db.role.count({ where: { name: 'Rolled back' } })).toBe(0);
+  });
+  it('uses the same public recovery response for an unknown account', async () => {
+    const response = await ctx
+      .api()
+      .post('/api/v1/auth/recovery/request')
+      .send({
+        organizationId: ctx.owner.organizationId,
+        email: 'unknown@example.com',
+      })
+      .expect(202);
+    expect(response.body.message).toContain('If the account is eligible');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/identity-rbac.spec.ts b/test/identity-rbac.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffc1b3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/identity-rbac.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+import {
+  identityApp,
+  type IdentityApp,
+  ownerPassword,
+} from './helpers/identity-app';
+import { BootstrapService } from '../src/identity/bootstrap.service';
+
+describe('organization-scoped administration', () => {
+  let ctx: IdentityApp;
+  let userId: string;
+  let roleId: string;
+  let userToken: string;
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    ctx = await identityApp();
+  }, 60000);
+  afterAll(async () => {
+    await ctx?.close();
+  });
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    await ctx.clearLimits();
+  });
+  const auth = () => ({ type: 'bearer' as const });
+
+  it('bootstraps exactly one owner', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      ctx.app.get(BootstrapService).createOwner('Other', {
+        email: 'other@example.com',
+        name: 'Other',
+        password: ownerPassword,
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrow('Owner already exists');
+    expect(await ctx.db.user.count({ where: { isOwner: true } })).toBe(1);
+  });
+  it('creates pending accounts with normalized emails and rejects duplicates', async () => {
+    const payload = {
+      name: 'Employee',
+      email: 'EMPLOYEE@example.com',
+      password: ownerPassword,
+    };
+    const response = await ctx
+      .api()
+      .post('/api/v1/users')
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .send(payload)
+      .expect(201);
+    userId = response.body.id;
+    expect(response.body.status).toBe('PENDING');
+    expect(response.body.email).toBe('employee@example.com');
+    expect(response.text).not.toContain('passwordHash');
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .post('/api/v1/users')
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .send(payload)
+      .expect(409);
+    expect((await ctx.login('employee@example.com')).status).toBe(401);
+  });
+  it('approves accounts but leaves them without implicit permissions', async () => {
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .patch(`/api/v1/users/${userId}/status`)
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .send({ status: 'ACTIVE' })
+      .expect(200);
+    const login = await ctx.login('employee@example.com');
+    expect(login.status).toBe(200);
+    userToken = login.body.accessToken;
+    await ctx.api().get('/api/v1/users').auth(userToken, auth()).expect(403);
+  });
+  it('creates and assigns roles and reflects permission changes on existing sessions', async () => {
+    const role = await ctx
+      .api()
+      .post('/api/v1/roles')
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .send({ name: 'Reader', permissions: ['users.read'] })
+      .expect(201);
+    roleId = role.body.id;
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .patch(`/api/v1/users/${userId}/roles`)
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .send({ roleIds: [roleId] })
+      .expect(200);
+    await ctx.api().get('/api/v1/users').auth(userToken, auth()).expect(200);
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .patch(`/api/v1/roles/${roleId}`)
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .send({ name: 'Reader', permissions: [] })
+      .expect(200);
+    await ctx.api().get('/api/v1/users').auth(userToken, auth()).expect(403);
+  });
+  it('prevents delegated administrators from granting permissions they do not hold', async () => {
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .patch(`/api/v1/roles/${roleId}`)
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .send({
+        name: 'Delegated',
+        permissions: ['roles.manage', 'users.roles.assign'],
+      })
+      .expect(200);
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .post('/api/v1/roles')
+      .auth(userToken, auth())
+      .send({ name: 'Escalation', permissions: ['audit.read'] })
+      .expect(403);
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .patch(`/api/v1/users/${userId}/roles`)
+      .auth(userToken, auth())
+      .send({ roleIds: [] })
+      .expect(403);
+  });
+  it('protects owner accounts and system roles', async () => {
+    const systemRole = await ctx.db.role.findFirstOrThrow({
+      where: { isSystem: true },
+    });
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .patch(`/api/v1/roles/${systemRole.id}`)
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .send({ name: 'Changed', permissions: [] })
+      .expect(403);
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .patch(`/api/v1/users/${ctx.owner.userId}/status`)
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .send({ status: 'SUSPENDED' })
+      .expect(403);
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .patch(`/api/v1/users/${userId}/roles`)
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .send({ roleIds: [systemRole.id] })
+      .expect(403);
+  });
+  it('rejects cross-organization targets and database-level cross-organization assignments', async () => {
+    const other = await ctx.db.organization.create({ data: { name: 'Other' } });
+    const otherRole = await ctx.db.role.create({
+      data: { organizationId: other.id, name: 'External', permissions: [] },
+    });
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .patch(`/api/v1/roles/${otherRole.id}`)
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .send({ name: 'Hijacked', permissions: [] })
+      .expect(404);
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .patch(`/api/v1/users/${userId}/roles`)
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .send({ roleIds: [otherRole.id] })
+      .expect(404);
+    await expect(
+      ctx.db.userRole.create({
+        data: {
+          userId,
+          roleId: otherRole.id,
+          organizationId: ctx.owner.organizationId,
+        },
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrow();
+    const roles = await ctx
+      .api()
+      .get('/api/v1/roles')
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .expect(200);
+    expect(
+      roles.body.some((role: { id: string }) => role.id === otherRole.id),
+    ).toBe(false);
+  });
+  it('suspends accounts and permanently revokes their sessions', async () => {
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .patch(`/api/v1/users/${userId}/status`)
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .send({ status: 'SUSPENDED' })
+      .expect(200);
+    await ctx.api().get('/api/v1/auth/me').auth(userToken, auth()).expect(401);
+    expect((await ctx.login('employee@example.com')).status).toBe(401);
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .patch(`/api/v1/users/${userId}/status`)
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .send({ status: 'ACTIVE' })
+      .expect(200);
+    await ctx.api().get('/api/v1/auth/me').auth(userToken, auth()).expect(401);
+  });
+  it('lists permissions and audit events with pagination validation', async () => {
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .get('/api/v1/roles/permissions')
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .expect(200);
+    const events = await ctx
+      .api()
+      .get('/api/v1/audit-events?limit=2')
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .expect(200);
+    expect(events.body).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(
+      events.body.every(
+        (event: { organizationId: string }) =>
+          event.organizationId === ctx.owner.organizationId,
+      ),
+    ).toBe(true);
+    await ctx
+      .api()
+      .get('/api/v1/users?limit=1000')
+      .auth(ctx.token, auth())
+      .expect(400);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/migration-integrity.spec.ts b/test/migration-integrity.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02a3bcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/migration-integrity.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+import { identityApp, type IdentityApp } from './helpers/identity-app';
+import { legacyOrganizationId } from './helpers/test-database';
+import { RecoveryStore } from '../src/identity/recovery.store';
+import { issueToken } from '../src/identity/tokens';
+
+describe('migration integrity', () => {
+  let ctx: IdentityApp;
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    ctx = await identityApp();
+  }, 60000);
+  afterAll(async () => {
+    await ctx?.close();
+  });
+  it('preserves organization rows from the foundation migration', async () => {
+    expect(
+      await ctx.db.organization.findUnique({
+        where: { id: legacyOrganizationId },
+      }),
+    ).toMatchObject({ name: 'Existing organization' });
+  });
+  it('enforces normalized emails in the database', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      ctx.db.user.create({
+        data: {
+          organizationId: ctx.owner.organizationId,
+          email: 'UPPER@example.com',
+          name: 'Bad',
+          passwordHash: 'hash',
+        },
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrow();
+  });
+  it('prevents a second owner even when the API is bypassed', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      ctx.db.user.create({
+        data: {
+          organizationId: ctx.owner.organizationId,
+          email: 'second@example.com',
+          name: 'Second',
+          passwordHash: 'hash',
+          isOwner: true,
+        },
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrow();
+  });
+  it('rejects audit modification and deletion', async () => {
+    const audit = await ctx.db.auditEvent.findFirstOrThrow();
+    await expect(
+      ctx.db.auditEvent.update({
+        where: { id: audit.id },
+        data: { action: 'tampered' },
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrow();
+    await expect(
+      ctx.db.auditEvent.delete({ where: { id: audit.id } }),
+    ).rejects.toThrow();
+    expect(
+      await ctx.db.auditEvent.findUnique({ where: { id: audit.id } }),
+    ).not.toBeNull();
+  });
+  it('discards failed-delivery recovery tokens', async () => {
+    const token = issueToken();
+    const store = ctx.app.get(RecoveryStore);
+    await store.create(
+      ctx.owner.userId,
+      token.tokenHash,
+      new Date(Date.now() + 60000),
+    );
+    await store.discard(token.tokenHash);
+    expect(
+      await ctx.db.recoveryToken.findUnique({
+        where: { tokenHash: token.tokenHash },
+      }),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+  const nativeOnly = process.env.TEST_DATABASE_URL ? it : it.skip;
+  nativeOnly(
+    'allows exactly one winner for concurrent recovery token consumption on native PostgreSQL',
+    async () => {
+      const token = issueToken();
+      const store = ctx.app.get(RecoveryStore);
+      await store.create(
+        ctx.owner.userId,
+        token.tokenHash,
+        new Date(Date.now() + 60000),
+      );
+      const results = await Promise.allSettled([
+        store.reset(token.tokenHash, 'hash-one'),
+        store.reset(token.tokenHash, 'hash-two'),
+      ]);
+      expect(
+        results.filter((result) => result.status === 'fulfilled'),
+      ).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(
+        results.filter((result) => result.status === 'rejected'),
+      ).toHaveLength(1);
+    },
+  );
+});